International Marketing Essay

Many researches has been conducted on flight companies that are operating and connecting all the continents, but this research is about a company that started in 1940s in an Arab country in the middle east, the company is call flight Emirates, first the company was aimed to deliver flying service in United Arab Emirates and in the region, but as soon as the company raised revenues and added new shares the company thought of going further and compete in the global market. The amazing and surprising part in this company is its ability to rapidly grow and compete perfectly in the global market not only that, it has achieved its objective in that competition as you will see in the paper. The contents of this research are four parts, in the first part we will take you through how the company started and expanded to the global market up to United State of America, vision and mission of the company in the market place. In the second part you will see how the PEST and other driving forces has effect the company operations in United States and other countries, while reaching part three the research will show how the company’s segmentation, distribution, pricing and product strategy are being perform, and we shall conclude with a comprehensive summary, analysis and present the results that we have got through out our research. The unifying them in this research is the company ability to compete in a higher competitive environment like USA not only that but resulting on generating revenue and adding value to its original capital, the company also can be count as one of the biggest flight companies in the world due to its capability and differentiation in the market place. Finally, let’s hope that our research will be a vital added value to previous researches in the same matter. PART ONE: 1.1 About flight Emirate: The beginning of Emirate flight goes back to 1959 when Sheikh Rashid Saed the government official opens the Dubai international airport and announces that Dnata company with only five staff will be in charge of ground handling services, in 1978 Mr.Manrice Flanagan was appointed by Sheikh Rashid to be the general manager of dnata company which is the operating company for flight Emirates, Mr. Flanagan later on in 1984 design how the company could possibly move to serve in air service, and with acceptance of Dubai government the company requested Pakistan international airline to lease them two aircrafts, the deals were struck to fly into Karachi, New Delhi and Bombay in India. In 1985 Sheikh Mohamed gifts two Boeing 727-2005 to the airlines, these two Boeing increased the operations where the airline was able to fly to more than twenty countries. Sheikh Ahmed later on in 1990 signed an agreement with Asian Aerospace exhibition in Singapore to add airbus A310-300s to the company. In 1992 Emirate flight become the first airline to install video system in all seats in all classes in the same year the France government allow officially the flight to operate in the country, by that time the company’s work forces become 11,000 employee. Ten years later exactly in 2011 the company managed to fly to more than 120 destinations world wide, and recorded a profit of ($1.6 billion) and bought the largest Boeing in history 50777-300ER. Flight Emirate as part of its marketing strategy has sponsored number of events and competitions e.g in 2012 the company sponsor Tennis in united state and crick’s Indian premier league. As we mentioned earlier the Dnata Company headed by smart board of directors is not an easy company and the proof is that its ability to raise the capital to $ 2 billion and the workforces from 11,000 to 62,000 employees in 2012 as it was the most profitable year for the company. The company now call the Emirate group and consist two parties Emirate and dnata company and has expanded into many business for instance, hotels, workshops and tourism and the are operating all over the world. 1.2 Flight Emirate in North and South America: Flight emirates operates in North and South America challenging Americans airlines in delivering air services it flies to Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Peru, Urguay, Canada and United States, within the United States the company operate in more than six states creating a competitive environment and adding valuing advantage to this market. The free market economy adopted by United States is a difficult market to compete in if you don’t have a competitive advantage, the flight emirate with its uniqueness and appropriate tactics has a lots of winning games as we shall discuss it later on in part three, and you will realize that the company has attracted the market using different approaches. 1.3 Flight emirates management orientation toward global business: Flight emirate as we stated earlier in our introduction started as a small company call dnata in Dubai, therefore the management structure in the early 1950 was regiocentrics but after the Dubai government increased the capital and instructed many deals the company management changed in 1960s to be geocentric orientation as the views the entire world as a potential market and strive to develop their brand and integrate in global market. The reasons why we categorize the company as a transnational company are the followings: (1) The company operates in more than 100 countries and flies all over the world. (2) The company’s work forces are more than 62,000 employee spread in six continents. (3) The company assets i.e (flights, workshops, hotels etc) are not all based in Dubai. In conclusion to this regard the emirates company management can be classified as a combined of two management structures, reogiocentric a nd geocentric because in its starts the focus was regionally but later on they progress in global scale till they adapt the geocentric orientation structure. 1.4 Flight Emirate vision and mission: Vision: The vision of flight emirate is very simple as we mentioned earlier the company started as ground services company in 1940s but after Dubai government decided to inject more capital the business increases and ambitions become more than just being a ground service company therefore in 1960s the company decided to focus broader in flight services not only in Dubai and in the region but even globally. Now the vision is to be a â€Å"leading company in flight and tourism world wide providing excellent, safe and customer satisfaction†. Mission: The mission of the company is to ensure that the flight is the choice of every traveler and to create a business competitive environment and add valuable service to the market. Differentiation, opportunities and development of a star brand in the Gulf region and all over the world is the purpose of the company’s today’s focus. PART TWO: The Business Environment: 2.1 Political, Economic, social and Technological analysis (PEST): The business environment where the company operates is an important situation that we have an obligation to express in this research, many forces drives and affect the market place of any operating company, to analyze the situation we read the political, economic, social and technology changes. Political and Economic aspects: The country where flight emirate generated from is United Arab Emirate in middle east one of the world’s largest country in oil production, the economic growth and political stability are the sign of advancement in that country. UAE currently undergoing rapid expansion in investment and private venture, the government made number of commitments to strengthen and reform its investment regulatory and make conducive environment for exports and imports. United States and UAE are strongly partners in many political alliances, economic benefits, social and cultural activities the exchange numerous of interests in regard to these issues. Politically, the relationship between the United Arab Emirates and United States has been positive and productive for more than 30 years they are a reliable allies in many military, economic, and social affairs, the United State view UAE as source of stability, tolerance, innovation and a leading figure in the Gulf region. After the US tragedy in September 11 2001 where 2,996 including hijackers killed, the US foreign policy changed a lot including the relationship with UAE based on the fact that two of the hijackers were from UAE, immediately after the attack the background security checks for an Arab visitors was very high and research shows how some harassment and hates developed against Muslim in US. In conclusion to the political environment where flight emirates operates i,e in US there is no negative impact due to the strong and smooth relationship between the two countries. Economically, the UAE is the US single largest export market in the Middle East with $1.5 billion in 20 11 most are machinery, aircraft, industrial and other valuable items, US imports from UAE in 2011 was 2.44 billion most are crude oil, aluminum and other things. The US petroleum companies played a big role in development of UAE energy sector, more than 800 US firms are operating in the UAE investing in different sectors and injecting UAE market with new jobs and opportunities of Arab youth. The research also found that the US, UAE relationship is a long term partnership and each state in US probably has its own trade relationship with UAE. Research also found that UAE is the larger operator of Boeing 777 aircraft in the world, in November 2011 Emirate flight placed an order for $ 24 billion record breaking for 50 Boeing 777-300 ERs, before that there were number of orders for purchasing Boeing from US which make the company the most consumer of this type of flights. In conclusion to economic relationship between the two countries, the flight emirates is the world’s largest operator of Boeing 777 and serves non-stop flying from Dubai, also the robust trade and investment relationship between UAE and USA is based on the political stability and diplomatic understanding. Socially, the UAE and US have a lots of social partnership in numerous of activities, UAE is an open country for visitors and legal immigrant, its population is extremely liberal and open minded society compare to the other countries in the region, UAE attracts many investors and tourist including US citizens, the US population in UAE estimated to be 4,000 people working in different sectors of production. UAE population in USA is recorded not to be affected by any violence or discrimination against any human right because US treat and protect the entire resident equally but individual harassment does exist because of personal behavior. According to researches, after September attack where two were from UAE as we stated earlier the Americans views on Islam and Arab has changeed a bit of which number of travelers to and from Arab world has decreased. Technologically, as technology refers to the application of science and research into industrial or commercial objective, it has affect societies all over the world, flight emirate in its existent relies on technology in all its operation and has benefit so much in US market on this matter, marketing customers service and other operation are possible in flight emirate because of technology and the latest news in this regard is the announcement of the company recently that it will allow all the passengers to use their cell phone in its all f light operating in US market very soon, that could not be possible if the company was not connected with USA. To conclude this topic technology has not negatively affected the operations of flight emirate in USA, it has really been a source of inspiration for the company. 2.2 The Effect of Culture and Sociology: In United States market culture as (education, religion, values, attitude etc) play a big role in business place, flight emirate with its unique study of American’s culture has found it a useful environment to operate in, US is a multi cultural community where different ethnic groups coexist without any discrimination. US market is a free economy where competition is the only factor that can push you to the top or crash you down, flight emirate adapted those diversities and without any exclusion and that is why it has been able to compete with US fight companies in the market place, as we stated earlier the only side effect on flight emirate in US market was what follows September attack when a group of terrorist from middle east and with Islam background hijack US flights and threaten US as a sovereign country, the result on that was the reduction of travelers from and to Arab countries, raising the searching system which actually targ eted travelers from Gulf countries and individual harassments by some indigenous citizens. In conclusion to culture and sociology the company does record much challenges in US market based on these aspect but the following points are what we think to be the company’s threats in US market: 1-Flight emirate generated from Arab country therefore it might be a target of terrorist and use as a cover to make insecurity in USA. 2-Services in the flight emirate are indirectly affected by Islam as the crew do welcome passengers by Quran prayers on board, this activity does not satisfy non Muslims on board. 3-Wearing of AL hijab by Arab women is not an acceptable sign by some people. 4-Citizens of UAE started to avoid traveling to USA because of long waiting visa due to background security checks. PART THREE: THE COMPANY MARKETING PLAN 3.1Marketing (country) selection and entry strategy: Flight emirate operates in more than one hundred countries and flies over six continents, the research has an interest in US market and here are the reasons why the company chosen to compete in US industry: -The airline copes and encourages free competition with other market player using a strategy known as â€Å"the open skies strategy†. -The political environment and the strong relationship between USA and UAE encouraged flight emirates to choose US as useful market to operate in. -USA is an open economy where the market competition is the art of the game, flight emirate with its quality services and competitive advantage choses to be part of it. -US dollar is the most powerful currency in the world, since the company adopted this currency to be the company main fare in its all operations than the company got it profitable to operate and expand in US market. -Flight emirate benefit mo re from long haul flying which also save fuel consumption as well as non-stop flying from Dubai to USA is profitable. -The Boeing 777 is the major aircraft used by the company hence all the accessories, parts and maintenance is cheaper and available in United States. The above reasons plus the growing business opportunities between US and UAE has increases the demand for direct flying from Dubai to United States. 3.2 Segmentation, Targeting and positioning: Flight emirate like any other flights in the airline industry has a specific strategy on targeting and positioning its self in the market place, below are the airline targets: 1-Emirate flight is one of the big airline in the world, the rapid growth of Dubai and its good relationship with other countries especially US had given a chance to the company to position it self as the major carrier between the two countries and inside the US, the company currently operates in eight states in US market targeting the following segments: 2-The demand for traveling to Dubai by tourist and business people has increased and especially in summer session where Dubai attracts more than seven million tourists. 3-Expatriates, because Dubai is a working environment and highly paid city, the demand for people to travel to and from Dubai increased hardly, many US citizens live and do business in Dubai while the also regularly visit their homes, therefore flight emirate is playing that role of targeting those group. 4-Transit passengers, before the haul long flying strategy being implemented by many companies were suffering from waiting hours, passengers from US did fly to middle east or Dubai connecting through Europe, flight emirates made it easier to dominate this segment by offering direct flight between Dubai and USA and found it very profitable. Because of demand increase within the United States, flight emirate with its quality services and golden brand attracted those groups and the company positively responded and got it much profitable. 3.3 Information and research strategy: The aim of this strategy is to keep the company growing and competitive in the market place, the information and research are the heart of any successful company, it explore opinions and attitude of customers and allow the company to predict the future result of the company’s operations. Flight emirates value information technology and research and has invested a huge of amount approximately $200 million and deployed 2,200 employees, recruited from the most qualified institutions in the world. The company’s IT department and research after ensuring solutions for the company also provide services for other business in the region as the generate revenue to the company from that services. Research found that flight emirate invest heavily in information technology and research for smooth operation and acknowledging the customers needs and demand in US market. 3.4 product strategy: Oil prices has been unstable and challenging in world’s market place for many flight companies to perform perfectly with out any conciliation or interruption, flight emirate has made it easier by signing a deal with several major oil companies to supply jet fuel to them all the time with a specific price, that deal remain unchangeable no matter what the future market may present, this fuel strategy has maintained the company profitability high among the competitors. The fight also gain a lot of profit base on product strategy through it plan of long haul flying, direct from US to Dubai because this kind of service attract big number of passengers of which the company provide cheap prices. In this strategy also the company has divided its portfolio into two, airport services and infrastructure, the airport service has to ensure the safety of passengers baggage and belonging up to the last destination, this strategy has build confident between the company and the customers. The free competition strategy that was adopted by the company enable the customers view their opinion in the services, employee training and capacity building in the company has been a successful part of the product strategy because it keeps the delivery of service in a high position. Buying new aircraft every short period is one of the promotion for product strategy and what kept the company delivering excellent services in US flight industry. 3.5 Pricing strategy: Pricing strategy is the secret of any successful company, the first thing the company does was to keep US dollar as the standard currency of exchange in the company, based on the fact that dollar is a powerful and stable currency and is convenience to all passengers regardless of their country of origin, this strategy made the company’s profit always high. The company has a sufficient strategy that enable passengers enjoy cheap pricing either in short or long haul flying, this has been a competitive advantage to the company, the company has been in the market for a short time which mean the company does not charge legacy fee in its ticket because there is no burden of pension as other companies do, the well train and qualified financial managers that the company has are playing a role of keeping the financial plan in a safe environment. The most important factor that keep flight emirate cheap and profitable is the variety of aircraft that operate in diffe rent allocation this gives the passengers the option of choosing the cheaper the can afford. All the above are supported by the fact that prices of flight are not being fixed any where because it depend on the market demand, what keep flight emirate cheap and affordable is their continuation of reading the market rightly.

How significant was James Simpsons role in solving the problem of surgery during the 19th century?

During the 19th century, there were many attempts to perform surgery without there being any risk towards the patient. This usually meant that the surgeons had to overcome problems of pain, infection and blood loss which were the three main ways in which patients died during surgery. Many individuals discovered methods to make surgery safer. One of these men was a Scottish doctor, by the name of James Simpson, who discovered the anesthetic properties of chloroform and successfully introduced it for general medical use. Of course, there were other individuals who had used different varieties of anaesthetics before James Simpson. In 1799 Sir Humphrey Davy discovered laughing gas which reduced pain felt by patients. It was mostly used by dentists during teeth extractions, which caused excruciating pain. In 1846, J. R Lister used ‘ether' as an anaesthetic so the patient would be unconscious during operation. However this was soon dismissed as it irritated the lungs and caused the patient to cough during the operation as well as the fact that ether is highly flammable. The fact that others had already tried to come up with suitable anaesthetics that could be used in surgery shows that James Simpson's discovery had been built up with knowledge of previous attempts. It also proves that he wasn't solely responsible for discovering ‘anaesthetics'. James Simpson was appointed the Professor of Midwifery at Edinburgh University due to his interest in obstetrics. In 1847, Simpson discovered the properties of chloroform during an experiment with friends in which he learnt that it could be used to put one to sleep. It was very much up to chance that Simpson survived the chloroform dosage he administered to himself. If he had inhaled too much, subsequently passing away from an overdose, chloroform would have been seen as a dangerous substance. However, if Simpson had inhaled slightly less it would not have put him to sleep. It was his willingness to explore the possibilities of the substance that established his career as a pioneer in the field of medicine. He began to use chloroform as an efficient and effective anaesthetic used to relieve labour pains during childbirth. This theory of relieving patients from pain spread across to many other surgeons who began using this method of anaesthesia. James Simpson was able to find an actual anaesthetic that was suitable in surgery, and he took the risk of trying the chloroform himself proving that he was dedicated to improving and solving the problems of surgery. Yet, there was a lot of opposition to chloroform due to it being a new and untested gas. Surgeons did not know how much dosage to give their patients or whether there would be long-term side effects. There was also the fact that the use of chloroform caused an increase in deaths, since the patients were given a bigger dosage of chloroform that was necessary. This scared the many surgeons into not using it. There were also other who opposed chloroform because they believed that easing the pain of childbirth, it would make it unnatural and was an act against God. In addition to this, whilst the patient is unconscious surgeons became more confident and attempt more complex operations allowing infections deeper into the body and causing more blood loss. This also contributed to the rise in number of deaths since the introduction of chloroform. Yet, James Simpson soon got many people to realise that his theory was accurate and it was soon accepted. When Queen Victoria used chloroform when delivering her eighth child in 1857, the public along with many other surgeons began using it as an anaesthetic and this soon became a part of surgical practise. However although James Simpson had already tried the anaesthetic on himself, it almost immediately became clear that there were very serious side effects associated with its use and it was known to cause death in a number of instances. From 1864, numerous studies were conducted in an attempt to determine whether chloroform affected the respiratory system or the circulatory system. The major health effects of chloroform surround acute inhalation which leads to depression which is why it was used for a long time as an anaesthetic. Chronic exposure to chloroform was associated with affects on the liver, kidney, and central nervous system. The evidence that chloroform was dangerous and fatal in numerous ways added to the opposition and causes us to believe whether James Simpson really was responsible for an important breakthrough in surgery. In addition to this there were many other breakthroughs by many other people who would be considered to be more important since their discoveries caused essential progress in solving the problems of surgery. Louis Pasteur was extremely vital as he was responsible for the development of the Germ theory, along with Robert Koch. The French scientist was also accountable for the many vaccines such as Chicken cholera, Rabies and Anthrax. Of course, this was accentuated by the rivalry between Pasteur and Koch since, they were both ambitious and nationalistic and France had lost a bitter war to Germany in 1870-71. Joseph Lister was then able to use the germ theory to uncover another significant discovery: antiseptics. This included sterilisation of all equipment, including doctor's hands, throughout the surgery. His reasoning behind this was to reduce the number of patients dying from infection passed on from bacteria on clothing and apparatus. This was vital because many people were dying from infection at the time and there were no advances to decrease the numbers until Lister's antiseptics. Another individual who was able to put the germ theory to good use was John Snow, who was responsible for discovering the cause of cholera, a big killer during the 1800s. He discovered that cholera was spread by drinking water that contained bacteria. Snow was one of the first physicians to study and calculate dosages for the use of ether and chloroform as surgical anaesthetics, allowing patients to undergo surgical and other procedures without the distress and pain they would otherwise experience. He personally administered chloroform to Queen Victoria when she gave birth to the last two of her nine children, leading to wider public acceptance of obstetric anaesthesia. The fact that there were many other individuals who were able to discover other vital things prevents James Simpson from solely being responsible for solving the problems of surgery. John Snow also proves that James Simpson was not the first to come up with the idea of ‘anaesthetics', and therefore cannot really be responsible for the discovery although he played a major role in coming across chloroform. In conclusion, I believe that James Simpson's role was not very significant in the attempts to solve the problems of surgery. This is because he was able to use other people's ideas, such as John Snow, to actually discover the anaesthetic. In addition to this, there were many other individuals and factors such as War and Technology that would have impacted surgery on a bigger scale than that of James Simpson's discovery of chloroform as an anaesthetic. Although we can see his dedication in proving that chloroform was a suitable anaesthetic we can also see that there was a lot of scope for other individuals to find an anaesthetic that may have proved to be less fatal.

Child Abuse And The Effect On Development Into Adulthood

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Rhetorical Analysis Of Obama s Victory Speech - 1181 Words

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Waste Management by Companies-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the Waste assessment and and how it can be minimize. Answer: Introduction In recent years, environmental requirements have been widely disseminated and incorporated in some industrial activities in an exemplary way. However, in construction, these demands still do not receive the attention they deserve. For example, during the construction and demolition phase a large amount of undifferentiated waste goes directly to the landfill. Example, In Catalonia, during 1998, the construction sector generated more than 3 million tons of waste, a figure higher than the MSW (solid urban waste). Nowadays, due to inertial and market circumstances, both the application of minimization criteria and the quantity of product from construction waste and demolition that is recycled are almost negligible (Bersani, 2008). There is no general environmental protection mentality in this area, no adequate legal and administrative provisions have been made to achieve this, and sufficient codes of good practice have not yet been developed to improve this situation and raise awareness of the agents of the sector(Hall, 2005). Literature review After analyzing the current situation and after proposing improvement actions (see Current Situation and Future Prospects for Construction Waste and Manual for Minimization and Waste Management in Construction and Demolition Works), we have believed Necessary to prepare a new document, which was not originally foreseen in the project: a methodology for drafting an overall version of a Management Plan which rationalizes and optimizes, with environmental criteria, the treatment and recovery of construction waste in works(Blackman, 2001). As was the case with the White Paper Analysis of the current situation and future prospects of construction waste, a summary document of the proposed methodology is developed below, which is justified by the large volume of waste acquiring the initial text. Methodology for the realization of a Waste Management Plan As we have already seen in an article previously published in, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) must respond to a series of parameters that allow us to evaluate the impact that our company is having on the environment, employees, Customers and society in general. This analysis allows us to put in place policies in order to minimize the negative impacts and improve in this way the way our business develops and therefore affects its environment. That is why one of the fundamental aspects when it comes to running a business in the right way is to take into account these parameters related to CSR. In this sense, it is extremely important to be able to understand how our business impacts on the environment. However, once we have clearly understood the degree of impact our business is generating on the environment, the ideal is to begin to delineate a series of business policies that adjust to reduce that impact, for which we can resort to Options, such as starting to manufacture products that can be recycled, carrying out a responsible supply, ie using recycled and renewable materials, and at the same time opt to purchase the raw material through local suppliers, in order to Save on fuel and transportation costs(Hall, 2005). Likewise, we can reduce the environmental impact of our company by minimizing packaging, creating an efficient and economical distribution network, and trying to make transactions only with suppliers and distributors that also include CSR policies in their services. In an exhaustive review (identification, treatment, regulation, etc.) of the potentially toxic products that can appear in the demolitions and in the works is carried out. In the report we find a map with the main authorized managers of environmental assessment. A brief explanation of the objectives and the operation of the computer program to calculate the cost of waste management is given in section. Finally, Annex 6 refers to the aforementioned works of and the deconstruction of military barracks and includes those aspects of the follow-up that have not been dealt with in detail in the main text. Criteria for waste reduction If we look at the hierarchy proposed by the global environmental authorities on the actions to be taken in the management of waste, we will see that the main priorities are prevention and minimization. In this way, other environmental improvements will be achieved, such as the reduction of transport of surpluses(Lippitt, Webb and Martin, 2000).o the landfill o r recycling center, with the consequent reduction of atmospheric pollution and energy consumption. By minimization, it is understood the set of organizational, operational and technological actions necessary to reduce the quantity and / or danger of Waste, by reducing and reusing them at source. It is therefore essential that the first action associated with waste management is to try to reduce its volume at the site where it has been generated. Minimization of waste in construction works. From the fact sheets on recommendations for the reduction and efficient management of waste that appear in the Manual, have been extracted those actions that tend to minimize the amount of waste produced. Research Question, Aim/Objectives and Sub-goals This report iams to find out which methods are best suited minimize and reduce waste management. The research question for this report is based on the research what should be done to minimize and reduce waste. Experimental setup- Lab and field set up The lab has been set up by the guidance of measures and standards that includes the necessary chemicals and reagents. It has also be conducted by professional lab technicians. Only in isolation have there been concerns about the control of building waste in places where there are still no specific landfills or in those companies that have decided to implement an Environmental Management System (ISO 14000). At present, the use of techniques of selective dismantling (deconstruction) is only carried out in pilot experiments, demolitions or partial rehabilitations and administrative impositions derived from the application of safety measures or recovery of elements with relevant patrimonial characteristics(Lippitt, Webb and Martin, 2000). Lack of sensitivity in this regard leads to lamentable situations where initially inert building wastes are mixed with banal and contaminating waste and deposited in landfills not prepared for this purpose (with consequent contamination, Of any order), or discharges occur outside the network of approved landfills. These situations cannot be solved only with adequate legislation and police, but need widespread awareness, still pending. To this end, it was decided to undertake Project Life , Program of technical actions to promote the valorization, minimization and selection of waste originated in the construction and demolition works. Its main objectives are to emphasize the contribution of means and the diffusion of concepts to increase the culture of the sector towards a greater environmental sensitivity, directed, more concretely, to the control and reduction of the residues of heterogeneous composition that generates This sector. As can be seen, in this case we refer to the implementation phase, which completes the cycle started with the previous program Life: The Teaching of arch environmental management authority and the environment on the project phase(Stewart, 2008). Results, outcome and relevance The method proposed here is extremely simple. It is based on establishing, first, the quantity and nature of the waste to be generated. This objective can be fulfilled according to the experience of the builder and the demolition company, if they have already applied classification criteria (which are not frequent). Otherwise, by default, we propose the values detailed in this document, derived from a study carried out by Environmental management authority during the analysis of the current situation of construction waste (although it could happen that , In some cases, did not conform to the company's methods, means, etc.). Complying with this first phase, it would be possible to compile documentation about waste managers operating in the vicinity of the work or demolition. It is necessary to know the characteristics (admission conditions, distance, rates, etc.) of landfills, recyclers, green points, classification centers, etc., in order to be able to define an external management s cenario. From the crossing of the information on the quantity and type of waste with the one from having defined a recovery scenario formed by the external managers can be determined at each moment of the work or the demolition elements (Quantity and characteristics of containers, reservoirs for pollutant fluids, etc.) and presumably will have a lower cost of management of such surpluses. In order to facilitate the process of implementing the Management Plan, a simple computer program has been developed with which to forecast the cost of waste management (Characterization, quantification and management) using the two systems previously described: the data obtained by the Environmnetalmanagemet authority in the monitoring of works or those coming from the construction or demolition company itself. The steps that must be followed in the development of this Plan: This methodology is applicable by all those companies that carry out construction and demolition works, regardless of the de gree of complexity of these (size, location, use, etc.). ), And is focused on building (civil works constructions remain for future waste management plans) (Radojevic and Bashkin, n.d.). The document presents two concrete cases as an example of application: one for the new construction (construction of a residential complex in waste management; And another, for the demolition (deconstruction of military barracks, in. Also, in order to complete the development of the Waste Management Plan according to the previous points, a series of works that appears in this text in the form of attachments. In the first of these annexes, some recommendations are presented in order to minimize the amount of waste that is usually generated in the construction works. The report contains a good practice guide for waste management in line with current legislation. The company of Demolition and the technical equipment that execute the building project must jointly plan the type of demolition in order to be able to introduce reused and recycled elements in the work itself. Reuse of elements: pillars and beams, trusses, doors, windows, furniture, Etc. Reclaiming of materials: production of granulates for fillings and concretes, use of wood chips and plastic for filling of chambers, etc. The building project must be adjusted to dimensional coordination criteria respecting the modular formats of The materials and constructive elements to be reused. From the project phase will be foreseen which spaces of the work or the urbanization will be able to receive material Are recycled (granulates, wood, etc.). Criteria for the evaluation of waste at each stage of the work In order to organize and optimize waste management, it is essential to make an approximation about the quantity and nature of the surplus materials that are going to generate(Radojevic an d Bashkin, n.d.). Next we will expose different possible methodologies to characterize and quantify the waste of the works and the demolitions. Need for an environmental analysis of the company Undoubtedly, environmental performance is an increasingly important issue for companies, since, in short, we must bear in mind that thanks to the correct management of the aspects related to the environment, and with effective policies, we can not only ensure That we comply with the current legislation, but also reduce costs and improve our reputation. That is why, in general, the experts emphasize the need to carry out an environmental analysis of the company, and thus know exactly the impact it is having on the ecosystem in which it operates. Although many will assume that an environmental risk assessment of the company can become an arduous, difficult and extensive, the truth is that we can perform this type of analysis in a simple way. In principle, we must take into account that to carry out an environmental risk assessment of our business, we must use techniques similar to those used in the analysis of the company's security. Here are five key steps for conducting the environmental risk assessment: However, one of the fundamental aspects for this type of evaluation is that we can achieve positive results. It is that we can correctly identify the hazards. We must take into account the following points in order to carry out the review: Storage of waste and disposal: Among other things, we must ensure that adequate containers are used, and that the waste is stored away from drains and waterways. In short, the right thing is to achieve a reduction in the environmental impact of our business, which we can achieve through the use of effective waste management practices(Cheremisinoff, 2007). Project Planning and gantt chart This Life 98/351 project has the basic mission of influencing the culture of the workforce in order to improve the waste management generated by this industrial activity. A management that we mainly stick to the objectives of minimizing and classifying at source. For this purpose, it has been considered important to develop a tool with which, in the planning phase of the work, the builders and demolition companies can know the activities and expenses (for phases of execution in the case of the new work) Management of the leftovers that will be generated. And at this point, the person in charge of carrying out the Management Plan should be the one who - among those who form the team that develops the construction or demolition project - becomes better acquainted with the operation of the work and The one that habitually takes care of the subjects of security and health and quality control. In addition, the amount of waste and its impact (Cheremisinoff, 2007). Management system is essential data for the planning of the work and demolition, and also to determine, with some precision, the deposit to be deposited in those Local municipalities that implement Decree 201/94. Nevertheless, It has been considered even more important to have a user-friendly tool to help convince, for economic reasons, the need to reduce the amount of waste, ie to raise, from an early stage Minimization criteria. The gantt chart will provide a graphical illustration of a schedule that helps to coordinate paln track specific task in a project. research Initial report lab and field set up Tabulating the lab results Final project June July August September The above gantt chart shows the schedule of events that will will lead to the final project being given. Bthis starts from initial research which is the collection of field data and other information regading the project. It is followed up by making of the final project proposal, then the field set up, which is then followed by tabulating the lab results and subsequently the final project. Conclusion The report shows an orderly list according to the different phases of the project: the project, the programming and the execution. This is a previous stage of singular importance since its implementation depends on the final quantity of surplus material that has to be managed. Minimization of waste in demolition The first step to optimize waste management is to design demolition with environmental criteria, that is, to organize demolition operations taking into account that the amount of waste that is going to stop To the landfill is minimal. Therefore, we are talking about deconstruction. Deconstruction is the set of dismantling operations of a building that make possible a high level of recovery and use of the materials in order to reincorporate them to new constructions of the handbook of minimization and waste management in construction and demolition reports in detail on this demolition system) (Cheremisinoff, 2007). Taking into account the definition of minimization offered, th e criteria to reduce the waste that we expose are focused on the reuse and recycling of materials at the same site where the demolition took place. It is a question of which the work itself is the place of digestion of the waste that originates. Therefore, and whenever possible, we will have to coordinate the actions of the demolition with those of the new work as follows References Bersani, C. (2008).Advanced technologies and methodologies for risk management in the global transport of dangerous goods. Washington, DC: IOS Press. Blackman, W. (2001).Basic hazardous waste management. Boca Raton, Fla. [u.a.]: Lewis. Cheremisinoff, N. (2007).Handbook of solid waste management and waste minimization technologies. Norwich, NY: Knovel. Hall, E. (2005).Recycling. Farmington Hills, MI: KidHaven Press. Lippitt, J., Webb, P. and Martin, W. (2000).Hazardous Waste Handbook. Burlington: Elsevier. Mani, C. (2010).Environmental analysis. Jaipur: Oxford Book Co. Radojevic, M. and Bashkin, V. (n.d.).Practical Environmental Analysis. Stewart, S. (2008).Recycling. Berlin: Cornelsen. The Bureau of Land Management's proposed rule entitled "Waste prevention, production subject to royalties, and resource conservation". (n.d.).

The Influence of Social Status on Individuals Assessment and Self

Abstract People are perceived to be smarter or more knowledgeable depending on their positions or their roles in society. Social status does not only influence the way powerful individuals are assessed but it also has an impact on individuals’ self-assessment and the choice of behavioral patterns which can be the reason why they are perceived more knowledgeable.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Influence of Social Status on Individuals’ Assessment and Self-Assessment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In terms of the present research it was conducted a quiz game which required the role of a questioner and that of the answerer thus the target of evaluation became â€Å"self† versus â€Å"partner†. Results indicate that the roles in the Quiz-Game affected how observers judged the questioner and answerer. We also saw that role did have an effect of how the questioner and answere r viewed themselves. Powerful individuals act more situation-consistent not only in terms of researches but in the real life as well, which can be either beneficial or harmful for the development of overall society. Introduction People are perceived to be smarter or more knowledgeable depending on their positions or their roles in society. Additionally how we perceive ourselves when compared to others on same level of role with ourselves as equal or less knowledge to someone similar to ourselves, I basically agree with their research that we are perceived according to our role that we play in society so this is what my research is about it can also be referred to as (FAE) fundamental attribution error and related article as supported in social psychology. Admittedly, more powerful people act in a different way and reveal more variable reactions to various situations which can be the reason why they are perceived more knowledgeable. Thus, Guinote (2008) reported that powerful individ uals tended to act differently in accordance with different situations. The survey’s findings also suggest that powerful individuals change their behavioral patterns across various situations more as compared to powerless individuals. Due to such situation-consistency powerful individuals are regarded as more experienced and more knowledgeable. Notably, this perception is often generalized since powerful individuals are not assessed by their past behavior or performance, instead they are perceived as knowledgeable due to their social status. Social status does not only influence the way powerful individuals are assessed but it also has an impact on individuals’ self-assessment and the choice of behavioral patterns. For instance, according to Lammers and Stapel (2009) having power influences the way individuals try to solve moral dilemmas.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Lea rn More Lammers and Stapel (2009) found that more powerful individuals tended to concentrate on rules and principles, whereas less powerful individuals focused on the consequences. It is worth mentioning that in situations when decisions based on principles and rules threatened participants’ self-interest, more powerful individuals tended to solve the problem concentrating on the consequences. Thus, individuals’ status is a very important (if not essential) factor which influences their behavior. Notably, not only other people regard powerful people as more knowledgeable, but powerful individuals assess themselves likewise. Such self-assessment makes powerful individuals act in accordance with their self-interest and in terms of conventional rules. Nevertheless, sometimes this peculiarity of people’s assessment can be harmful, since some more powerful people can use their position in to reach their own aims. Cooper (2002) reports that police officers who are m ore powerful individuals do not always try to help less powerful individuals. Instead these more powerful individuals make use of their position, and their decisions often regarded as correct due to the assessment that more powerful people are more knowledgeable. Admittedly, powerful individuals are regarded as more knowledgeable and due to this perception they are often in more favorable position than less powerful individuals. Ross et al. (1977) considered the correlation between social status and individuals’ assessment. According to Ross et al. (1977) powerful individuals are perceived as more knowledgeable on the basis of their status. Moreover, powerful people are aware of their favorable position and often use it to â€Å"inappropriately deem members of their own caste well-suited to their particular leadership tasks† (Ross et al., 1977, p.494). It is necessary to point out that despite the considerable amount of surveys on the correlation between status and ind ividual perception, the problem needs further research. Discussion In psychology attribute biases are ubiquitous, to some extent they are referred to contemporary social psychology’s bedrock. The attribution biases lead us to underrating the significance of unresponsive, situational factors over the responsive human factors. Ross et al (1977) indicates that when making correct social judgments, self-presentation benefits and limitations should be adequately recognized on performers of social roles. Experimentation used to examine social insight in an encounter where a participant made hard questions that were based on general knowledge while another participant attempted to solve the exact questions.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Influence of Social Status on Individuals’ Assessment and Self-Assessment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Findings showed that perceivers do not give adequ ate allowance and leave a biasing effect on the â€Å"interviewer† and the â€Å"interviewee.† When judging the both of the participants the questioners gave an allowance to demonstrate esoteric knowledge that they exhibit in composing the questions. They were always recognized as superior to the ones answering their questions. Interpersonal encounters present adequate knowledge on social judgments and when evaluating oneself. Personal performances on such occasion fortified by the social roles each individual partakes. There are notable biased effects upon performance. In regard to the quiz game the specific empirical demonstration deals with the roles of the â€Å"questioner† and the â€Å"answerer† it also entails the bias discernment of the general knowledge that lead to random task, it purposes to fulfill the roles of the quiz game. Ross et al (1977) the tasks participated by the questioner is to compose a list of general knowledge quiz and then give them to the answerer contestant. The two participants and a couple of observers are present in the whole process. The role of the observers is to assess the contestants’ general knowledge in the whole exercise. Great emphasis is put on the role conferred, in general knowledge the advantages and the disadvantages of self-presentation in quiz game. Their role of these advantages and setbacks are neither understated nor concealed. The present research also proves that social status does influence individuals’ assessment. In the first place, individuals who were put in more favorable position, i.e. the position of the questioner who had the questions and the answers at hand, were regarded by observers as more powerful, i.e. more knowledgeable. Notably, the observers were likely to think that the questioners were more knowledgeable largely concentrating on the superior status of the more powerful individuals. It goes without saying that questioners did not have to reveal t he scope of their knowledge to prove their level, they only asked questions. It follows that the observers did not have the real opportunity to assess the level of the questioners’ knowledge, but they still evaluated the questioners as more knowledgeable. The observers assessed the questioners focusing on their social status and behavior, not on their exact knowledge. What the observers did see was that the questioners were confident enough and could correct the answerer if the latter was not right. The observers did not take into account that the questioners simply had the answers written in their papers which made them more knowledgeable. It is necessary to point out that many questioners could fail to answer the questions if they were in the position of answerers. Apparently, the observers did not pay much attention to that fact. It is possible to assume that the observers based their judgments on their previous experience: those who ask questions are, as a rule, more powe rful and more knowledgeable. This kind of generalization works in the particular case of the quiz game.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Apart from this stereotypes which had impact on the observers’ assessment, influenced questioners and answerers’ self-assessment as well. It is important to state that not only observers but questioners and answerers shared the viewpoints about more and less powerful positions. Admittedly, individuals who found themselves in superior position (even if they occupied the position at random) felt more confident and that is why they did produce the impression of being more knowledgeable. At the same time, answerers felt that they were in less favorable position. They could even feel a bit subordinate to questioners. The answerers were not very confident since they did not have the right answers at hand. The answerers did not feel that confident and could be even a bit nervous since they wanted to give the correct answers. It goes without saying that the answerers considered themselves to be less knowledgeable. This is supported by the present research findings. The answere rs’ self-assessment was also based on stereotypes to great extent. It is important to note that self-assessment influenced the participants’ behavior. Thus, questioners were confident and enjoyed their being regarded as powerful and more knowledgeable, the answerers were regarded as less knowledgeable and shared this opinion. It is possible to state that self-assessment influenced the participants’ behavior which contributed to creation of certain evaluation by observers. Reportedly, the peculiarities of individuals’ assessment and self-assessment can be revealed not only during some surveys but in the real life. Admittedly, people tend to regard people who are in more powerful position as more knowledgeable due to their social status. Initially people judge other individuals in terms of their social status and only after this some personal features and behavior is taken into account. It goes without saying that individuals’ self-assessment id depe ndant on their social status. More powerful individuals are more confident and can often make use of their position, whereas less powerful individuals may often feel subordinate to the former. Moreover, in the real life less powerful individuals tend to rely on more powerful people. Reportedly, powerful individuals act more situation-consistent not only in terms of researches but in the real life as well, which is beneficial for the development of overall society since powerful people are thought to be bound to help powerless individuals. For instance, McWilliams (1993) revealed a very useful trend when powerful individuals were called for being responsible for powerless individuals, children in particular. Admittedly, it is believed that powerful individuals being more knowledgeable and experienced can and should solve difficult issues. Fortunately, powerful people share such opinion and tend to take control of various situations which in its turn contributes to their image of powe rful individuals. Thus, the society admits that people occupying powerful position (like lawyers or officials) should take care of less powerful people due to the fact that they are more knowledgeable and, of course, they are able to implement the necessary changes in the society. In this case the peculiarities of individuals’ assessment can lead (and do lead) to many improvements the society. On the one hand, such tendency when more powerful people take control of numerous situations is quite favorable, since the higher position is used to develop the society. Nevertheless, sometimes powerful individuals may use their position in some inappropriate way. First of all, they can use their position to achieve some personal goals which can have negative consequences for others. This kind of situation can worsen since less powerful people tend to accept more powerful individuals’ decisions. On the other hand, individuals who are in more favorable, i.e. powerful, position ar e not necessarily more knowledgeable and experienced as other people can think. Thus, many decisions may be erroneous due to the fact that in reality more powerful individuals lack the necessary knowledge or experience. Again this can lead to some undesirable effects since less powerful individuals who may really know the right solution will not be listened to because of the lack of authority or even will not express their opinion since they regard themselves as subordinates. This kind of situation is illustrated by the present research when questioners were regarded as more knowledgeable due to their position, though in reality they could know less than the answerers. Conclusion In conclusion, it is possible to state that the present research proves that individuals’ assessment is to great extent based on the social position occupied by people assessed. Moreover, the social status also influences individuals’ self-assessment and their behavior. Thus, the questioners i n the Quiz-Game were regarded as more knowledgeable basing on their superior position. The self-assessment was very much alike: questioners and answerers regarded themselves as less knowledgeable. Admittedly, the same assessment patterns are found in the real life where people occupying higher social positions are considered to be more powerful, knowledgeable and experienced. Such peculiarity of people’s perception can have both positive and negative effects. On the one hand, the society promulgates the authority of powerful people and makes them responsible for less powerful individuals. Powerful individuals share this opinion and are ready to implement the necessary changes and to make the necessary decisions. On the other hand, some powerful individuals may use their position to reach their personal aims which can have negative effects for others. Moreover, not all powerful people are that knowledgeable as they are considered to be so they can often make erroneous decision s which will be brought to life due to their high position. In this case the entire society can be threatened by the authority of people who in reality are not worth their positions. Thus, it is yet to find out whether the psychological peculiarity of people assessing other individuals on the basis of their social status is beneficial or ruinous for the society. It can be also helpful to research whether individuals’ assessment and self-assessment can be changed and how. References Cooper, S. (2002). A Closer Look at Racial Profiling. Foundation for American Communications. Web. Guinote, A. (2008). Power and Affordances: When the Situation Has More Power Over Powerful Than Powerless Individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(2), 237-252. Lammers, J. and Stapel, D.A. (2009). How Power Influences Moral Thinking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(2), 279-289. McWilliams, J.M. (1993, February). Standing Up for the Powerless. ABA Journal, 8. Ross. L., Amabile, T.M., and Steinmetz, J. (1977). Social Roles, Social Control, and Biases in Social-Perception Processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35(7), 485-494. Ross, L. (1977). The Intuitive Psychologist and His Shortcomings: Distortions in the Attribution Process. New York: Academic Press. This research paper on The Influence of Social Status on Individuals’ Assessment and Self-Assessment was written and submitted by user Dam0n to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.